This document describes results from the OHI 2017 global assessment.
Data are the OHI scores for the eez regions of 220 countries and territories from 2012 to 2017.
Region 0 is the global average scores, which are calculated using an area-weighted average of the region scores (status, likely future state, and score dimensions).
This carpet plot figure (download as high resolution png) provides a full overview of the scores from the 2017 assessment. Each row represents a region, the main groupings represent goals, and within each goal there are 6 years of data. Black regions indicate no data.
Don’t try too hard to interpret the results for specific countries/goals/years!!
This plot is good for providing a quick overview of things like:
Another resource that can be useful for examining scores is this interactive plot. This can be used to (some example screen shots):
explore the distribution of scores
compare different goal scores
observe change over time
This section describes global patterns in index and goal scores over time.
(NOTE: Livelihood and economy goals are not included here)
The Global Index score for 2017 (eez area weighted average of region scores) was: 70. The following table provides the global scores (eez area weighted average of region scores) for the Index and goals/subgoals.
| goal | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Index | 70.61 | 71.07 | 70.95 | 70.57 | 69.83 | 70.10 |
| Artisanal opportunities | 76.82 | 77.15 | 77.41 | 77.51 | 77.58 | 77.66 |
| Species condition (subgoal) | 89.65 | 89.66 | 89.68 | 89.70 | 89.77 | 89.78 |
| Biodiversity | 89.92 | 90.23 | 90.06 | 90.22 | 90.36 | 90.33 |
| Habitat (subgoal) | 90.18 | 90.78 | 90.43 | 90.73 | 90.94 | 90.88 |
| Coastal protection | 87.88 | 87.73 | 87.71 | 87.64 | 87.32 | 86.61 |
| Carbon storage | 79.19 | 79.17 | 79.18 | 79.18 | 79.22 | 79.21 |
| Clean water | 74.19 | 73.73 | 73.65 | 73.57 | 73.54 | 73.54 |
| Fisheries (subgoal) | 52.35 | 52.75 | 52.78 | 51.29 | 50.51 | 50.77 |
| Food provision | 52.19 | 52.66 | 52.63 | 51.24 | 50.54 | 51.03 |
| Mariculture (subgoal) | 26.21 | 27.63 | 28.36 | 28.51 | 28.80 | 27.64 |
| Iconic species (subgoal) | 66.22 | 67.41 | 67.43 | 67.79 | 66.57 | 66.24 |
| Sense of place | 62.07 | 62.64 | 62.81 | 62.99 | 62.57 | 62.40 |
| Lasting special places (subgoal) | 57.92 | 57.87 | 58.20 | 58.19 | 58.57 | 58.56 |
| Natural products | 50.77 | 50.93 | 51.02 | 48.52 | 45.47 | 44.72 |
| Tourism & recreation | 52.55 | 52.25 | 50.71 | 50.24 | 46.46 | 47.48 |
The following is a very preliminary analysis of how the global scores changed over time. Global index scores decreased by an average 0.19 points per year (although, not significant with this rough analysis), with 138 regions having decreasing trends and 82 having increasing trends.
| goal | average_change_per_year | p_value | num_rgns_pos_trend | num_rgns_neg_trend | mean_trend | sd_trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Natural products | -1.4037143 | 0.0096243 | 50 | 84 | -2.1394878 | 7.4757241 |
| Tourism & recreation | -1.2340000 | 0.0077428 | 52 | 133 | -0.8431134 | 2.7660006 |
| Fisheries (subgoal) | -0.4602857 | 0.0320092 | 102 | 118 | -0.2416870 | 1.4448025 |
| Food provision | -0.3871429 | 0.0524818 | 101 | 119 | -0.3178831 | 1.4020381 |
| Coastal protection | -0.2185714 | 0.0212746 | 36 | 107 | -0.3950958 | 2.4318924 |
| Index | -0.1900000 | 0.0919181 | 82 | 138 | -0.1968468 | 0.8574367 |
| Clean water | -0.1114286 | 0.0385244 | 96 | 123 | -0.0880805 | 0.9736564 |
| Iconic species (subgoal) | -0.0588571 | 0.7600811 | 89 | 131 | -0.0368130 | 0.4276308 |
| Carbon storage | 0.0071429 | 0.1304063 | 48 | 80 | -0.0144884 | 0.0869650 |
| Species condition (subgoal) | 0.0285714 | 0.0024870 | 125 | 94 | 0.0131571 | 0.0758774 |
| Sense of place | 0.0462857 | 0.6059011 | 91 | 125 | 0.0584299 | 0.8434317 |
| Biodiversity | 0.0742857 | 0.0416561 | 115 | 104 | -0.0051494 | 0.4401323 |
| Livelihoods | 0.0922857 | 0.1410789 | 73 | 77 | -0.0766821 | 1.4585325 |
| Habitat (subgoal) | 0.1222857 | 0.0668514 | 87 | 95 | -0.0237615 | 0.8804114 |
| Lasting special places (subgoal) | 0.1511429 | 0.0051920 | 59 | 78 | 0.1536935 | 1.6468462 |
| Artisanal opportunities | 0.1597143 | 0.0043148 | 178 | 35 | 0.1883403 | 0.3946551 |
| Mariculture (subgoal) | 0.3088571 | 0.1915991 | 51 | 52 | 0.1380183 | 1.5118766 |
| Livelihoods & economies | 0.5065714 | 0.1551418 | 133 | 45 | 0.3215210 | 1.2583251 |
| Economies | 0.9208571 | 0.1565627 | 118 | 21 | 0.7197367 | 1.6828471 |
This section explores goal and index scores at the region level. I mostly focus on the 2016 scores.
This interactive table describes the index and goal scores for the regions in 2017 (and here’s a link to a color coded table, and a csv file can also be downloaded).
The median index score was 68. The highest score was 95 for Macquarie Island, and the lowest score was 42 for Ivory Coast.
The following histogram describes the distribution of overall index scores:
The regions with index scores of 80 or greater are:
| country | Index |
|---|---|
| Macquarie Island | 94.55 |
| South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | 92.40 |
| Kerguelen Islands | 90.09 |
| Heard and McDonald Islands | 90.01 |
| Crozet Islands | 88.51 |
| Howland Island and Baker Island | 87.65 |
| Prince Edward Islands | 84.18 |
| Jarvis Island | 83.85 |
| Northern Saint-Martin | 83.17 |
| Phoenix Islands (Kiribati) | 82.70 |
| Christmas Island | 82.68 |
| Palmyra Atoll | 82.28 |
| New Caledonia | 81.77 |
| Germany | 81.61 |
| Aruba | 80.65 |
| Cocos Islands | 80.46 |
| Norfolk Island | 80.36 |
| Madeira | 80.32 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 80.03 |
The regions with index scores of 50 or less are:
| country | Index |
|---|---|
| Senegal | 49.85 |
| Republique du Congo | 49.42 |
| Guinea Bissau | 48.84 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 48.82 |
| Lebanon | 48.68 |
| Eritrea | 48.43 |
| Nicaragua | 47.77 |
| Guinea | 46.75 |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | 46.27 |
| Sierra Leone | 46.03 |
| Libya | 43.50 |
| Ivory Coast | 41.79 |
A color-coded table of 6 year trends is available here (and a csv file).
These values are calculated using a linear model of scores for each region/goal over the past 6 years. Positive values indicate potentially increasing scores during the past 6 years and negative values indicate potentially decreasing scores.
NOTE: Currently, these data include the livelihoods and economies goal but this trends should probably be calculated without this goal.
The global average decreased by 0.14 points per year, although this is may not be statistically significant. There was a good deal of variation in trend among regions. The following histogram describes the distribution of trend (e.g., change in score per year) in index scores:
The 10 regions with the largest increases in index scores are:
| country | trend |
|---|---|
| Bouvet Island | 2.42 |
| Macquarie Island | 2.08 |
| Prince Edward Islands | 1.92 |
| Samoa | 1.86 |
| South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | 1.74 |
| Myanmar | 1.65 |
| Pitcairn | 1.60 |
| Georgia | 1.49 |
| Tonga | 1.47 |
| Vanuatu | 1.41 |
The 10 regions with the largest decreases in index scores are:
| country | trend | |
|---|---|---|
| 211 | Ukraine | -2.00 |
| 212 | Bonaire | -2.02 |
| 213 | Saudi Arabia | -2.03 |
| 214 | Sint Eustatius | -2.05 |
| 215 | Saba | -2.08 |
| 216 | Sint Maarten | -2.30 |
| 217 | Mayotte | -2.46 |
| 218 | Equatorial Guinea | -2.70 |
| 219 | Estonia | -3.04 |
| 220 | Eritrea | -3.99 |
The following is a comparison of the global status scores generated for 2016 by this year’s assessment vs. last year’s assessment.
If the models and source data remains the same, these scores should be exactly the same. Differences indicate changes in methods or source data.
These changes do not reflect changes in actual system health!
We made very few changes to goals, consequently the changes in scores for the 2016 scenario were not that large from the 2016 to 2017 assessment.
The largest changes were for NP (-4.18) and MAR (-4.39). The change in mariculture reflects changes to source data, and maybe a change to the reference point. The change for NP probably mainly reflects a correction to the code so that fish oil is included in the calculations.
Changes in SPP (-2.41), FIS (-2.67), TR (-2.41) were also observed. For SPP this reflects the newest data (used for all scenario years) and for TR the newest sustainability data is used for all scenario years (unfortunately, previous years of data are not compatible due to changes in their methods). FIS had many changes (updated saup data, 4 additional years of data, updates to RAM, gapfilling RAM data, better identification of RAM regions).
Other regiosn changed by less than 2 points.
## Warning: Column `goal` joining character vector and factor, coercing into
## character vector
| goal | assess2017 | assess2016 | change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Artisanal opportunities | 73.77 | 73.63 | 0.14 |
| Species condition (subgoal) | 90.37 | 92.78 | -2.41 |
| Biodiversity | 89.36 | 90.50 | -1.14 |
| Habitat (subgoal) | 88.36 | 88.21 | 0.15 |
| Coastal protection | 85.29 | 85.29 | 0.00 |
| Carbon storage | 78.42 | 78.42 | 0.00 |
| Clean water | 73.45 | 73.45 | 0.00 |
| Economies | 87.65 | 87.65 | 0.00 |
| Livelihoods & economies | 82.46 | 82.46 | 0.00 |
| Livelihoods | 77.28 | 77.28 | 0.00 |
| Fisheries (subgoal) | 48.05 | 50.72 | -2.67 |
| Food provision | 48.15 | 50.67 | -2.52 |
| Mariculture (subgoal) | 26.49 | 30.88 | -4.39 |
| Iconic species (subgoal) | 62.13 | 62.13 | 0.00 |
| Sense of place | 59.43 | 59.27 | 0.16 |
| Lasting special places (subgoal) | 56.73 | 56.41 | 0.32 |
| Natural products | 42.20 | 46.38 | -4.18 |
| Tourism & recreation | 45.60 | 48.01 | -2.41 |
This color-coded table compares the 2015 index scores generated for each region/goal between this year’s and last year’s assessment.
Because these are index scores, changes reflect updates to pressure and resilience scores as well as status.
The following interactive plot provides an overview of how the 2016 scores changed between the 2016 and 2017 assessment for all goals and dimensions.
## Warning: Ignoring unknown aesthetics: text
This section takes a closer look at each goal/subgoal.
| country | score |
|---|---|
| United Arab Emirates | 100.00 |
| Norway | 100.00 |
| Qatar | 100.00 |
| Kuwait | 100.00 |
| Ireland | 100.00 |
| United States | 100.00 |
| Saudi Arabia | 100.00 |
| Brunei | 100.00 |
| Singapore | 100.00 |
| Cayman Islands | 99.97 |
| country | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 211 | Sao Tome and Principe | 46.52 |
| 212 | Solomon Islands | 45.55 |
| 213 | Cameroon | 45.40 |
| 214 | Benin | 44.70 |
| 215 | Mozambique | 44.09 |
| 216 | Madagascar | 44.08 |
| 217 | Comoro Islands | 44.03 |
| 218 | Guinea | 43.46 |
| 219 | Togo | 43.28 |
| 220 | Liberia | 43.06 |
| country | score |
|---|---|
| Saint Helena | 97.93 |
| Ascension | 97.81 |
| Northern Saint-Martin | 97.70 |
| French Guiana | 97.59 |
| Montserrat | 97.56 |
| Barbados | 97.17 |
| Aruba | 97.13 |
| Saba | 97.11 |
| Guadeloupe and Martinique | 97.05 |
| Tristan da Cunha | 96.93 |
| country | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 211 | Papua New Guinea | 80.14 |
| 212 | Libya | 79.96 |
| 213 | East Timor | 79.83 |
| 214 | Myanmar | 79.75 |
| 215 | Oecussi Ambeno | 79.71 |
| 216 | Singapore | 78.87 |
| 217 | Eritrea | 78.56 |
| 218 | Iraq | 77.59 |
| 219 | Bahrain | 77.49 |
| 220 | Sudan | 75.48 |
| country | score |
|---|---|
| Macquarie Island | 100 |
| South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | 100 |
| Kerguelen Islands | 100 |
| Heard and McDonald Islands | 100 |
| Norfolk Island | 100 |
| Pitcairn | 100 |
| Bouvet Island | 100 |
| Tuvalu | 100 |
| Croatia | 100 |
| South Korea | 100 |
| country | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 209 | Belize | 62.53 |
| 210 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 62.09 |
| 211 | Senegal | 61.78 |
| 212 | Sierra Leone | 61.38 |
| 213 | Poland | 60.16 |
| 214 | Dominica | 59.41 |
| 215 | Iceland | 57.81 |
| 216 | Nigeria | 55.25 |
| 217 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 51.04 |
| 218 | Jan Mayen | 42.24 |
| country | score |
|---|---|
| Howland Island and Baker Island | 100 |
| Phoenix Islands (Kiribati) | 100 |
| Pitcairn | 100 |
| Wallis and Futuna | 100 |
| Tuvalu | 100 |
| Denmark | 100 |
| Sint Maarten | 100 |
| Saba | 100 |
| Line Islands (Kiribati) | 100 |
| Belgium | 100 |
| country | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 161 | Sierra Leone | 31.62 |
| 162 | Guinea | 31.26 |
| 163 | Senegal | 30.48 |
| 164 | Guinea Bissau | 30.39 |
| 165 | Nicaragua | 30.20 |
| 166 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 29.92 |
| 167 | Sweden | 26.89 |
| 168 | Dominica | 26.40 |
| 169 | Belize | 23.78 |
| 170 | Lithuania | 22.16 |
| country | score |
|---|---|
| Northern Saint-Martin | 100 |
| Germany | 100 |
| Seychelles | 100 |
| Denmark | 100 |
| Sint Maarten | 100 |
| Saba | 100 |
| Belgium | 100 |
| Russia | 100 |
| Netherlands | 100 |
| Estonia | 100 |
| country | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 139 | Liberia | 34.59 |
| 140 | Senegal | 33.65 |
| 141 | Guinea | 32.88 |
| 142 | Sierra Leone | 32.67 |
| 143 | Ivory Coast | 32.50 |
| 144 | Guinea Bissau | 30.61 |
| 145 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 29.91 |
| 146 | Barbados | 27.01 |
| 147 | Dominica | 26.64 |
| 148 | Nicaragua | 9.78 |
| country | score |
|---|---|
| Heard and McDonald Islands | 99.71 |
| Falkland Islands | 98.95 |
| Bouvet Island | 98.91 |
| South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | 98.89 |
| Kerguelen Islands | 98.78 |
| Jarvis Island | 97.85 |
| Macquarie Island | 97.32 |
| Phoenix Islands (Kiribati) | 96.97 |
| Howland Island and Baker Island | 96.68 |
| Crozet Islands | 96.63 |
| country | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 211 | Guatemala | 33.15 |
| 212 | Israel | 32.82 |
| 213 | Belgium | 32.44 |
| 214 | India | 29.33 |
| 215 | Benin | 28.91 |
| 216 | Lebanon | 28.67 |
| 217 | Slovenia | 28.39 |
| 218 | Togo | 28.24 |
| 219 | Monaco | 24.49 |
| 220 | Gibraltar | 19.81 |
| country | score |
|---|---|
| Estonia | 97.90 |
| Finland | 96.45 |
| Latvia | 96.10 |
| Nauru | 93.23 |
| Sweden | 91.26 |
| Clipperton Island | 90.35 |
| South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | 90.30 |
| Solomon Islands | 89.19 |
| Poland | 89.03 |
| Palau | 86.89 |
| country | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 211 | Guadeloupe and Martinique | 17.63 |
| 212 | Singapore | 17.17 |
| 213 | Mauritania | 17.07 |
| 214 | British Indian Ocean Territory | 16.83 |
| 215 | Western Sahara | 14.77 |
| 216 | Barbados | 14.27 |
| 217 | Amsterdam Island and Saint Paul Island | 13.77 |
| 218 | Bouvet Island | 10.72 |
| 219 | Turks and Caicos Islands | 10.72 |
| 220 | Jan Mayen | 6.08 |
| country | score |
|---|---|
| New Zealand | 100.00 |
| Norway | 100.00 |
| Chile | 100.00 |
| Ecuador | 100.00 |
| China | 100.00 |
| Faeroe Islands | 100.00 |
| Iceland | 96.67 |
| Spain | 66.33 |
| Canada | 65.88 |
| South Korea | 62.16 |
| country | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 116 | Micronesia | 0 |
| 117 | Argentina | 0 |
| 118 | Yemen | 0 |
| 119 | Kenya | 0 |
| 120 | Uruguay | 0 |
| 121 | Jamaica | 0 |
| 122 | Nigeria | 0 |
| 123 | Lebanon | 0 |
| 124 | Eritrea | 0 |
| 125 | Libya | 0 |
| country | score |
|---|---|
| United Arab Emirates | 100.00 |
| Norway | 100.00 |
| Qatar | 100.00 |
| Kuwait | 100.00 |
| Ireland | 100.00 |
| United States | 100.00 |
| Saudi Arabia | 100.00 |
| Brunei | 100.00 |
| Singapore | 100.00 |
| Cayman Islands | 99.97 |
| country | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 211 | Sao Tome and Principe | 46.52 |
| 212 | Solomon Islands | 45.55 |
| 213 | Cameroon | 45.40 |
| 214 | Benin | 44.70 |
| 215 | Mozambique | 44.09 |
| 216 | Madagascar | 44.08 |
| 217 | Comoro Islands | 44.03 |
| 218 | Guinea | 43.46 |
| 219 | Togo | 43.28 |
| 220 | Liberia | 43.06 |
| country | score |
|---|---|
| Macquarie Island | 100 |
| South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | 100 |
| Kerguelen Islands | 100 |
| Heard and McDonald Islands | 100 |
| Crozet Islands | 100 |
| Howland Island and Baker Island | 100 |
| Prince Edward Islands | 100 |
| Jarvis Island | 100 |
| Northern Saint-Martin | 100 |
| Phoenix Islands (Kiribati) | 100 |
| country | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 211 | Jordan | 0 |
| 212 | Saint Helena | 0 |
| 213 | Togo | 0 |
| 214 | Bahrain | 0 |
| 215 | Benin | 0 |
| 216 | Iraq | 0 |
| 217 | Syria | 0 |
| 218 | Sudan | 0 |
| 219 | Eritrea | 0 |
| 220 | Libya | 0 |
| country | score |
|---|---|
| New Caledonia | 99.98 |
| Suriname | 99.69 |
| Iran | 97.47 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 97.45 |
| French Polynesia | 96.84 |
| Latvia | 96.06 |
| Finland | 95.92 |
| Bangladesh | 95.38 |
| South Korea | 95.15 |
| Italy | 95.08 |
| country | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 126 | Mayotte | 0 |
| 127 | Saudi Arabia | 0 |
| 128 | Brunei | 0 |
| 129 | Sao Tome and Principe | 0 |
| 130 | Cyprus | 0 |
| 131 | Equatorial Guinea | 0 |
| 132 | Algeria | 0 |
| 133 | Dominica | 0 |
| 134 | Republique du Congo | 0 |
| 135 | Ivory Coast | 0 |
| country | score |
|---|---|
| Northern Saint-Martin | 100 |
| Aruba | 100 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 100 |
| Malta | 100 |
| Curacao | 100 |
| Seychelles | 100 |
| Bahamas | 100 |
| Vanuatu | 100 |
| Sint Maarten | 100 |
| Saba | 100 |
| country | score | |
|---|---|---|
| 195 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 0.41 |
| 196 | Yemen | 0.00 |
| 197 | Israel | 0.00 |
| 198 | Venezuela | 0.00 |
| 199 | Iraq | 0.00 |
| 200 | Syria | 0.00 |
| 201 | North Korea | 0.00 |
| 202 | Somalia | 0.00 |
| 203 | Lebanon | 0.00 |
| 204 | Libya | 0.00 |
Plot years of data for each data layer….
Generate flower plots using new function…
To obtain a more complete picture of which regions are doing well and which are doing poorly we compared the average index scores (averaged over 2012 to 2016) and the trends for each region.
Of most concern are regions that have poor scores and declining trends.
The following is an interactive plot (region names are visible when hovering over the points) showing the relationship between average index scores and trend. The horizontal line represents the 0 trend and the vertical line is the average of the average index scores.